Here is the English translation of the provided paragraph while maintaining the original format: --- **Open-source technology** encompasses software, hardware, data, and standards, with open-source software being the most mature and influential. Open-source hardware, such as the RISC-V instruction set architecture, promotes the liberalization of chip design and manufacturing through its open specifications and royalty-free characteristics. Open-source software originated in 1953, and its development was further propelled by the release of the GNU GPL and the Linux operating system. By reducing costs and overcoming technical barriers, open-source technology fosters global collaboration and innovation. However, against the backdrop of great-power competition, open-source technology has become a strategic tool. The U.S. regards artificial intelligence as a critical domain for national security, restricting the diffusion of Chinese AI models like DeepSeek to maintain technological superiority. This article analyzes, from the perspectives of technopolitics and state capacity, how the U.S. advances the application of open-source technology and explores the geopolitical implications of its shift from a free and open model to a strategic instrument. ### **I. The Politicization of Open-Source Technology** Open-source technology is based on an open and collaborative innovation model that lowers barriers to innovation through decentralized cooperation, accelerating technological progress. From a technopolitical perspective, technology interacts with power, revealing that it is not neutral but intertwined with political intentions and national interests. The promotion of open-source technology reflects state policymaking and implementation capabilities, introducing risks at the national level and becoming a new dimension in the competition for global rule-setting authority. The politicization of open-source technology is driven by narratives of national security, the restructuring of technological sovereignty, and international struggles over standard-setting, manifesting in technopolitical dynamics such as R&D competition, resource allocation, influence reshaping, and global governance rulemaking. ### **II. The U.S. Open-Source Ecosystem and Strategic Measures** The U.S. open-source technology ecosystem is a complex network formed by government policies, corporate innovation, community collaboration, and academic research, aimed at consolidating its global influence in open-source innovation while safeguarding national security and international leadership. Against intensifying global technological competition, the U.S. faces status anxiety and national security concerns, prompting adjustments in its open-source ecosystem. Key drivers include technological competition, national security, the preservation of global technological leadership, and cost-efficiency. The U.S. government, tech giants, independent non-profit foundations, and academic institutions play pivotal roles in this ecosystem. The U.S. government drives open-source development through top-level design, while tech giants steer technological direction, non-profit foundations coordinate stakeholders, and universities contribute talent and research commercialization. Amid international competition, the U.S. has implemented strategic measures, including export controls and investment restrictions to block open-source technology transfers to China, enforcing exclusive rules to solidify dominance in international standard-setting organizations, and promoting technological solutions in Global South markets with an emphasis on transparency, privacy, and democratic values. Through legislation, executive orders, international cooperation, and market competition, the U.S. systematically reinforces its dominance in the global open-source ecosystem, adopting a containment approach toward China in open-source competition. ### **III. The Impact of U.S. Open-Source Strategy Adjustments on Great-Power Digital Competition** Due to its openness, collaborative nature, and decentralization, open-source technology has become a new frontier in the global technological order, influencing the struggle for technological dominance among nations. The U.S. strategic shift has transformed open-source technology from a market-driven domain to one shaped by state intervention, with competition now spanning both soft power projection and hard power construction. Open-source technology has become an indicator of comprehensive national strength, allowing the U.S. to export its value system while offering other nations opportunities for technological catch-up. The securitization of U.S. open-source technology has prompted other countries and regions to accelerate the development of localized, decentralized open-source systems, hastening the multipolarization and regionalization of global technology. The cross-border diffusion of open-source technology presents complex governance challenges, with politicization heightening the risk of global technological fragmentation. The U.S. has attempted to bring the open-source ecosystem under its regulatory control, while multipolar competition reshapes the global tech landscape. The competition over international standards and rule-setting related to open-source technology further complicates governance. The U.S. strategic adjustments are driving the multipolarization and regionalization of the global open-source order, exacerbating fragmentation risks. ### **IV. Conclusion** In the digital age, open-source technology competition reflects great-power political rivalry. The U.S. open-source strategy navigates tensions between openness and security, where export controls may hinder international cooperation. Global governance has entered an era of "platform power," with the open-source ecosystem becoming a battleground for competing value systems. Risks of ecosystem fragmentation are rising, while the integration of open-source and hardware deepens. International governance rules for open-source technology have become a focal point in great-power competition. China has prioritized open-source development, advancing innovation while facing both opportunities and challenges. Future competition will center on large-scale AI models, open-source hardware chips, and governance, making the establishment of mutual trust mechanisms in technology crucial. --- This translation preserves the original structure, headings, and emphasis while ensuring clarity and accuracy in English. Let me know if you'd like any refinements!