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Introduction

This section introduces the historical background of South-South cooperation, its revival in the 21st century, and the limitations of existing research. South-South cooperation originated from the Bandung Conference, entered a period of stagnation after the 1980s, and was revitalized in the early 21st century by countries such as China, India, and Brazil through initiatives like the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and the New Development Bank. Existing research analyzes the evolution of South-South cooperation from perspectives such as power competition and functionalist cooperation, but it suffers from superficial biases and overlooks the practical essence of South-South cooperation. The theory of international relations practice can help reveal the dynamic nature of South-South cooperation. This study will explore the integration of the practice turn with South-South cooperation, the implications of South-South cooperation from a practical perspective for China, and other related aspects.

1. Historical Evolution and Revival of South-South Cooperation: Existing Explanations

The historical evolution and revival of South-South cooperation in the 21st century have been analyzed from multiple angles, including power competition, functionalist cooperation, and constructivist perspectives. However, these analyses lack a dynamic understanding of cooperative evolution and practice. The power competition view posits that South-South cooperation is a means for Southern countries to pursue power, with emerging nations offering alternative development paradigms to compete with Western countries for influence. Functionalist cooperation emphasizes states as rational actors reducing transaction costs through cooperation and sharing development experiences. The new structural economics theory suggests that South-South cooperation is based on complementary comparative advantages, fostering mutual development. The constructivist perspective views South-South cooperation as a process of collective identity formation and norm reshaping, with Southern countries building identity based on shared historical experiences. The theory of international practice highlights that actors' actions are shaped by everyday practices rather than mere interest calculations or normative considerations, offering a new lens to understand South-South cooperation. Practice theory has made strides in international relations security and global governance studies, providing significant advantages for understanding South-South cooperation, particularly its contextual knowledge and core practices.

2. The Evolution of South-South Cooperation from an International Practice Perspective

This section examines the evolution of South-South cooperation through the lens of international practice theory. Practice is defined as socially meaningful, appropriate performance actions that rely on background knowledge and integrate discourse with the material world. South-South cooperation is seen as evolving within a specific field of practice, driven by background knowledge and propelled by dominant practices and discursive practices.

The field of practice for South-South cooperation originated from the Bandung Conference, where the Final Communiqué of the Asian-African Conference and the Ten Principles established a consensus on economic cooperation among Asian and African nations. The Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 advanced the establishment of a New International Economic Order. The Buenos Aires Plan of Action identified technical cooperation as the primary focus of South-South cooperation. However, the debt crisis of the 1980s and the rise of neoliberalism diminished the influence of South-South cooperation. In the 21st century, the rise of emerging economies revitalized South-South cooperation, with the BRICS cooperation mechanism becoming a landmark achievement, promoting its institutionalization and multilateralization.

Background knowledge is categorized into representational knowledge and tacit knowledge, the latter being implicit knowledge acquired by practitioners through experiential activities. The evolution of South-South cooperation stems from the shared historical experiences and emotional structures of Southern countries, as well as pragmatic, problem-oriented practical knowledge. Background knowledge is continuously adjusted in practice, as seen in the evolution of China-Africa agricultural cooperation.

The dominant practice of South-South cooperation is achieving sustainable economic development, including innovative financing methods, knowledge-sharing, and infrastructure development. BRICS nations established multilateral financing institutions like the New Development Bank, offering alternatives to the Western financial system. Southern countries have created knowledge-sharing platforms, such as India's "Digital Empowerment" and "Capacity Building." Infrastructure connectivity is a distinctive practice of South-South cooperation, exemplified by China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Discursive practices also play a crucial role in South-South cooperation. Core discourses like "common development," "mutual benefit and win-win," and "non-interference in internal affairs" have been consistent throughout its history, uniting efforts. Southern countries strive to elevate their development knowledge and normative discourse to a broader stage, competing with Western development cooperation norms. The evolution of South-South cooperation occurs within a specific field of practice, driven by practitioners' shared background knowledge, which is shaped by Southern countries' shared colonial histories, similar development trajectories, and localized development experiences. At the same time, South-South cooperation advances through the interplay of dominant and discursive practices, representing an ongoing process of refinement and reinforcement.

3. Implications of South-South Cooperation from a Practice Perspective for Building China's Autonomous Knowledge System

This section explores the implications of South-South cooperation from an international practice theory perspective for China's efforts to construct an autonomous knowledge system. The post-WWII Western-dominated global development governance system overlooked the experiences and knowledge of non-Western countries, while the rise of the Global South demands innovation in core concepts and theories in international relations research. International practice theory provides a critical and reflective perspective on Western development theories and models, emphasizing that localized, context-specific development experiences and practices are vital sources of international development knowledge. China's growing influence in South-South cooperation inspires further unleashing the vitality of Chinese development knowledge, consciously innovating and producing international development knowledge through sustained practice, and bringing non-Western development knowledge and experiences—long ignored by the West—to the forefront. This contributes to building China's autonomous development knowledge system and transforming the global development knowledge system from a "Western-centric" model to one that is pluralistic and inclusive. Specific measures include: 1. Deeply excavating China's localized knowledge to promote the diversified development of international development knowledge; 2. Reflecting on Western "knowledge exportation" and shifting toward "knowledge co-production"; 3. Emphasizing the dissemination of Chinese knowledge in practice to enhance China's international discourse power. Grounding practices in reality is an effective way for China to construct an autonomous communication system and strengthen its international discourse.

4. Conclusion

This study employs international practice theory to analyze the historical development of South-South cooperation, emphasizing the role of shared background knowledge among Southern countries, material dominant practices, and discursive practices in driving cooperation. The article aims to broaden the understanding of South-South cooperation, supplement gaps in international relations theory, and critique Western-dominated global development knowledge. It also underscores the importance of excavating China's localized knowledge to construct a global governance framework and theories with Chinese characteristics. Limitations of the research include the narrow scope of analysis and the neglect of non-state actors. Future studies should further explore the multidimensional aspects of South-South cooperation and its relationship with the evolution of global development governance.

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